经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管致腹膜后脓肿1例
张文杰1 武珊珊2 聂向阳1▲
1.广州市番禺区何贤纪念医院肝胆疝外科,广东广州 510000;2.广州市番禺区何贤纪念医院药剂科,广东广州 510000
[摘要]经皮经肝胆囊引流术(PTGBD)是临床工作中应用广泛的一项手术,通常应用在急性重症胆囊炎患者和高龄急性胆囊炎患者中,帮助其顺利度过炎症期,待生命体征稳定后寻求手术机会,有助于缩短腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术操作时间以及术中出血量。此外,该手术本身也具有成功率高、操作简便、创伤小的优势。然而,目前临床医生在实际临床工作中对PTGBD术的应用并不规范,在PTGBD术后留置引流管进行引流的时间尚未形成统一,且术后相关并发症报道较少,对PTGBD术的安全性认识不足。因此在进行PTGBD术后能否提高患者愈后质量使患者获益存在一定争议。现报道1例广州市番禺区何贤纪念医院PTGBD术置管致腹膜后脓肿的病例并结合相关文献讨论总结经验,以期为临床治疗提供参考。
[关键词]急性胆囊炎;胆囊穿刺引流;腹腔镜胆囊切除;手术后并发症
高龄胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎患者,往往具有基础疾病多、腹腔感染重、身体耐受差等特点,手术风险较高,急性胆囊炎东京指南2018版推荐,对于手术风险较高的急性胆囊炎患者,首选经皮经肝胆囊引流术(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGBD)以缓解症状[1]。特别是在高龄患者中,PTGBD后行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术能够降低术中出血量及手术操作时间,有助于缩短老年患者手术治疗后的住院时间[2]。然而,目前对于单纯行PTGBD术后相关并发症的报道较少,其安全性尚存争议[3],行PTGBD术后何时选择胆囊切除手术也尚缺乏统一认识[4]。广州市番禺区何贤纪念医院肝胆疝外科收治1例行PTGBD术后发生腹膜后脓肿的患者,现报道并结合相关文献进行分析,旨在提高临床医师对PTGBD术后并发症的认识,并积极把握PTGBD术后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术时机。
1 病例资料
患者,女,60岁,因“突发上腹部疼痛3 d”于2020年10月9日入院。查体:右上腹局部触及压痛,未触及反跳痛,墨菲氏征阳性。行全腹部CT检查发现:胆总管末端结石并胆总管扩张、急性胰腺炎、胆囊多发结石。入院9 h后,患者腹痛症状突然加重,神志模糊,血压降至 89/46 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),血氧饱和度 83%,心率 174次/min,体温 39.2℃,尿淀粉酶2612 μ/L,血清淀粉酶 927 μ/L,白细胞 20×109/L,快速C反应蛋白>200 mg/L,总胆红素19.3 μmol/L,直接胆红素12.3 μmol/L,考虑进展为感染性休克。为求控制感染立即予以床旁B超定位,行PTGBD术并置管,置管成功后见引流出墨绿色胆汁。术后予以抑制胰液分泌、呼吸机辅助通气、抗炎及维持水电解质平衡等治疗。入院第2天接检验科报告危急值:纤维蛋白原6.81 g/L,提示患者凝血功能出现异常,复查凝血功能:凝血酶原时间14.9 s、活化部分凝血活酶时间36.9 s,随即输注同型冰冻血浆400 ml。此后患者血压105/68 mmHg,心率 80 次/min,白细胞 8.15×109/L,病情趋于稳定。入院第5天,患者皮肤黄染加重,复查总胆红素 264.2 μmol/L,直接胆红素 183.3 μmol/L,白细胞5.33×109/L,考虑患者出现肝衰竭,随即予以行内镜下鼻胆管引流术。入院第7天复查,患者总胆红素12.71×109/L,考虑胆囊穿刺置管和鼻胆管引流效果有限,此后患者生命体征逐渐趋于平稳。入院第19天时,复查肝功能及炎症指标未见明显异常,予以行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术。入院第27天拟与患者办理出院,复查腹部CT发现右侧临近髂窝处后腹膜积液(图1A),随即予以床旁B超定位下行穿刺置管引流术,见有乳黄色黏稠性脓液流出,考虑腹膜后脓肿形成。入院第32天时再次复查腹部CT提示腹膜后脓肿较前略有吸收,但效果不明显,拟行腹腔镜辅助腹腔探查彻底清除脓肿,然而患者拒绝再次手术治疗,故行生理盐水冲管及更换三腔引流管对症治疗。入院第60天时,患者腹腔引流管仍有脓液引出,再次与患者沟通后患者同意手术治疗,随即进行腹腔镜辅助腹腔冲洗引流术,术后复查腹部CT提示腹膜后脓肿体积较前明显缩小 (图1B),住院115 d后予以拔管后出院。随访6个月未见腹膜后脓肿再次形成。

 
图1 腹部CT复查结果
A:入院第27天复查结果,白色箭头所指为右侧结肠旁沟临近髂窝后腹膜处积脓位置;B:入院第92天复查结果,白色箭头所指为右侧结肠旁沟临近髂窝处脓肿较前明显吸收,肾周间隙清晰。
2 讨论
近年来,超声定位下穿刺在术前病理诊断中的价值愈发重要[5],其在术前治疗的重要性也逐渐被临床医生所认知。在高龄患者中,及时进行PTGBD术能够有效减少手术时间、术中出血以及术后住院时间[6],并且具有成功率高、操作简便、创伤小的优势[7]。本例患者在入院后很快发展为感染性休克,此时进行手术风险极高,及时行PTGBD术有助于患者从急重症阶段顺利过度至慢重症阶段,待生命体征平稳后择期手术,避免了紧急手术的风险[8]。然而,行PTGBD术后蜂窝织炎、气胸、出血和感染的发生率较高,在拔除引流管后急性胆囊炎的复发率也较高[9]。甚至有学者发现行PTGBD术后出现胆汁瘘继发右侧肺部感染最终致患者死亡的报道[10]。因此,尽管PTGBD术在实际临床操作中具有一定的优势,但术后相关并发症的发生可能使患者难以治愈。
有学者认为,对于接受PTGBD术治疗的患者,后期急性胆囊炎复发及相关胆道并发症的发生率较高,最终仍需要行胆囊切除术[11]。世界急诊外科学会(World Society of Emergency Surgery,WSES)在 2020版急性结石性胆囊炎的诊断和治疗指南中也同样认为:虽然胆囊引流具有一定作用,但手术治疗仍是急性结石性胆囊炎治疗的关键[12]。然而,目前学者对手术治疗的时机并未形成统一认识。Lyu等[13]认为,行PTGBD术1周后行胆囊切除手术可以减少术后住院时间和医疗费用。Hjaltadottir等[14]通过研究发现在PTGBD术引流管插入后101天时接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术有31%的患者出现了不同程度的并发症,有5%的患者最终死亡。Inoue等[4]认为,PTGBD术后行胆囊切除手术间隔时间<216 h的患者术后并发症发生率高于>216 h的患者。本例患者在PTGBD术后第19天进行胆囊切除手术,此时胆汁可通过胆囊壁穿刺处瘘入腹腔,沿右侧结肠旁沟深入至髂腰深面,促使胆汁中所含细菌在此定植。而胆囊切除术中未对腹腔进行彻底冲洗,导致术后脓肿形成。本例患者形成的脓液性质粘稠且脓肿位置较深,单纯置管引流效果局限,明显延长了术后住院时间。因此,在PTGBD术后应尽早进行胆囊切除以及彻底的腹腔冲洗手术,从而有助于减少相关并发症的发生[15]
PTGBD术后并发症报道较少,导致临床医师对其认识不足。在高龄胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎患者中,为了回避手术所带来的风险,很多临床医师选择尽量延长PTGBD术置管时间,甚至仅选择PTGBD术治疗。然而单纯依靠PTGBD术治疗可能无法获得理想效果,PTGBD术后及时行胆囊切除和彻底的腹腔冲洗手术仍是外科治疗的关键。
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A case report of retroperitoneal abscess caused by percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and catheterization
ZHANG Wen-jie1WU Shan-shan2NIE Xiang-yang1▲
1.Department of Hepatobiliary Hernia Surgery,Hexian Memorial Hospital of Panyu District of Guangzhou City,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510000,China;2.Department of Pharmacy,Hexian Memorial Hospital of Panyu District of Guangzhou City,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510000,China
[Abstract]Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD)is a widely used surgery in clinical work.It is usually used in patients with acute severe cholecystitis and elderly patients with acute cholecystitis to help them pass the inflammatory period smoothly.After the vital signs are stabilized,seeking surgical opportunities can help shorten the operation time and intraoperative blood loss of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.In addition,the operation itself also has the advantages of high success rate,simple operation,and less trauma.However,currently clinicians are not standardizing the application of PTGBD in actual clinical work.The time of indwelling drainage tube for drainage after PTGBD has not yet formed a uniform,and there are few reports of postoperative complications,which is a safety issue for PTGBD.Insufficient understanding.Therefore,it is controversial whether to improve the quality of the patient's recovery and benefit the patients after PTGBD.A case of retroperitoneal abscess caused by PTGBD catheterization in Hexian Memorial Hospital of Panyu District of Guangzhou City is now reported,combined with relevant literature discussion and experience,in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.
[Key words]Acute cholecystitis;Gallbladder puncture drainage;Laparoscopic cholecystectomy;Postoperative complications
[中图分类号]R575.6
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2021)11(a)-0197-03
通讯作者
(收稿日期:2021-07-30)