中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值、血小板与淋巴细胞比值与风湿免疫性疾病关系的研究进展
李 平 孙钰玮 焦红梅 张 淼 任丹丹
牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院儿内科,黑龙江牡丹江 157000
[摘要]风湿免疫性疾病发病机制复杂且发病率高,易反复发作,炎症反应在风湿免疫性疾病中起着非常重要的作用。国内外研究者近年发现中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)这两个炎症指标,易于测量,可快速重现,并且比较经济。最初研究表明NLR、PLR 与心血管疾病或恶性肿瘤患者疾病活动和预后有关,近年研究发现NLR、PLR 与风湿免疫性疾病的急性期活动性也有关,并可预测风湿免疫性疾病相关并发症的风险。本文就NLR、PLR 与风湿免疫性疾病关系的研究进展作相关综述。
[关键词]风湿免疫性疾病;炎症反应;炎症指标;中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值;血小板与淋巴细胞比值
风湿免疫性疾病是一组病因不明的慢性、易反复发作的自身免疫性疾病,其发病机制复杂且发病率高,曾被称为结缔组织疾病,是因为其主要累及机体不同脏器的结缔组织,虽然病因不明,但是遗传因素和自身免疫炎症反应均会导致该疾病的发生。炎症反应在风湿免疫性疾病中起着非常重要的作用,而中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR),血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lym phocyte ratio,PLR)是近年来被新发现的炎症指标,易于测量,可快速重现,并且较为经济。研究发现,NLR、PLR 与风湿免疫性疾病的活动性有关,并可预测其相关并发症的风险[1],本文就NLR、PLR 与风湿免疫性疾病关系的研究进展作相关综述。
1 NLR、PLR 与炎症反应
1.1 NLR 与炎症反应
NLR 是中性粒细胞计数与淋巴细胞计数的比值,包含了中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞两种既对立又互补的成分。中性粒细胞主要参与非特异性免疫炎症反应,可以分泌多种炎症因子,是人类免疫系统中最丰富的循环白细胞种群,感染及其相关的炎症机制伴随着嗜中性粒细胞从外周血快速流入炎症部位,通过许多不同的机制,包括趋化,吞噬作用,活性氧释放(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、颗粒状蛋白质的产生和细胞因子的释放而发生炎症反应[2-3],还通过与其他的免疫细胞,如淋巴细胞和抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)相互作用而产生免疫应答[4]。淋巴细胞则主要代表了特异性免疫系统调控途径,是参与机体免疫炎症反应的重要免疫细胞,其中,自然杀伤(naturalkiller,NK)细胞是具有强大的细胞溶解和免疫调节活性的先天免疫淋巴细胞。NK 细胞通过产生高程度的趋化因子、细胞因子和细胞毒性分子,例如γ 干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、集落刺激因子(colony stimulating factor,CSF)、穿孔素和凋亡诱导蛋白,这些趋化因子和细胞因子与其细胞毒性分子协同作用并与其他免疫细胞相互作用参与机体免疫炎症反应[5]。NK 细胞的另一个重要特征是杀死未感染的自体细胞,例如未成熟的树突状细胞以及活化的T 细胞和单核细胞。因此,NK 细胞在自身炎症性疾病的发病机理中,特别是在与细胞因子风暴有关的那些疾病中或在免疫细胞被高度活化的情况下,可能是重要的靶标和效应细胞[6]。这类疾病的主要例子是幼年特发性关节炎(juvenile idiopathic arthritis,JIA)及其相关的并发症巨噬细胞活化综合征(macrophage activation syndrome,MAS)。
故中性粒细胞计数与淋巴细胞计数二者的结合可以较好地反映机体当前所处的免疫炎症状态[7],比值平衡遭到破坏是免疫炎症反应发生的基础,NLR 水平越高,表明机体越处于炎症失衡状态。NLR 可以作为急性时相反应的有益指标,类似于C 反应蛋白(Creactive protein,CRP)和红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR),可用于银屑病和类风湿关节炎等炎症性疾病[8-10],被视为是炎症性疾病的一个潜在的有用指标,最初用它来评估一些消化道的恶性肿瘤[11]以及心血管疾病[12]的预后,但近几年发现还与川崎病冠状动脉损害、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等相关[13]
1.2 PLR 与炎症反应
PLR 为血小板计数与淋巴细胞计数的比值,包含了血小板与淋巴细胞两种不同的细胞成分。血小板含有丰富的促炎因子,循环血小板可在血管损伤部位与血管腔内的红细胞、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞相互作用[14-15],而活化的血小板能释放高度活跃的微粒,可通过血小板型脂氧合酶的表达与中性粒细胞产生相互作用[16],释放的高度活跃的微粒密切参与各种炎症性风湿免疫性疾病的发展和延续,这些疾病往往以关节炎为表现,并可能因心血管、代谢、传染病和淋巴增殖等多种疾病的共同发生而更加复杂[17-18]。风湿免疫性疾病血小板计数的波动反映了非特异性的炎症血小板生成,大量的反应性细胞从骨髓释放到血液,在炎症部位的迁移和过度消耗,以及通过与抗血小板抗体的结合而被破坏。血小板计数与血小板体积和反应性有关,可反映自身免疫性疾病的活动、抗炎治疗的反应和各种并发症的发生及发展[19]
与单纯的血小板或淋巴细胞计数相比,二者的结合PLR 可以更好地预测系统性免疫炎症患者的临床结局。在过去的几年时间里,PLR 已成为通用实验室指标用于预测各种炎症反应、促血栓形成和代谢性疾病[20-21]。PLR 波动可以在多方面免疫炎症反应的背景下进行解释,疾病诱发的高皮质醇血症的程度以及随后释放的血小板进入血流和短暂性淋巴细胞减少症会影响多种促炎和血栓形成疾病状态下PLR 升高的程度[22]
2 NLR、PLR 与川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)
KD 是一种病因不明的全身性血管炎,可累及儿童冠状动脉,产生病变,是儿童后天性心脏病的主要原因。观察研究表明,淋巴细胞绝对值增多,中性粒细胞绝对值降低,免疫球蛋白水平改善,表明在KD 早期住院期间静脉注射免疫球蛋白和阿司匹林治疗效果良好[23]。然而,持续高血小板计数可能预示着KD 冠状动脉瘤的发生和发展的复杂过程[24]。Chang 等[25]对478 例KD 儿童的研究结果显示,NLR>3.5 是KD 患儿发生冠脉损害的独立危险因素,其灵敏度为60.8%,特异性为70.6%,而PLR 在KD 中有冠脉损害与无冠脉损害的患者之间无显著差异。此外,Seiichiro等[26]研究结果表明,NLR≥3.83 和PLR≥150 的组合可预测KD 的静脉注射免疫球蛋白耐药性,其灵敏度为72.0%,特异性为67.0%。
3 NLR、PLR 与系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)
SLE 是由于机体自身免疫系统异常所引起的临床表现特异的疾病。有研究表明[27],SLE 患者的NLR水平显著高于健康正常人,处于SLE 疾病活动期的NLR 显著高于非活动性患者,SLE 患者有狼疮性肾炎并发症的NLR 水平明显高于没有该并发症的患者。另外,有报道显示[17],SLE 中血小板计数减少是较为普遍的,血小板计数与SLE 疾病活动性呈负相关,且与其并发症如狼疮肾炎、神经系统疾病有关。因此,NLR、PLR 可能与SLE 患者疾病活动、肾脏受累有关。
4 NLR、PLR 与类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)
RA 是一种进行性对称性多关节炎,导致关节不可逆转的破坏和畸形为主要表现的全身性自身免疫病。Peng 等[28]的研究发现,RA 患者的PLR 和NLR 显著高于健康正常人,且当PLR>115.7 时,诊断RA 的敏感性为82.5%,特异性为74.8%,表明PLR 与RA 相关,并且PLR 可能是提示RA 患者慢性亚临床炎症的潜在指标。
5 NLR、PLR 与风湿性多肌痛(polymyalgia rheumatica,PMR)
PMR 是一种以四肢肌肉疼痛为临床特点的全身性炎症性疾病,通常在年长者人群中发现。相关研究结果表明[29],PLR 水平与PMR 患者的C 反应蛋白水平呈正相关,PMR 患者的发烧与NLR 的升高有关,而头痛与PLR 升高有关。疾病活动性改善后,NLR 和PLR 水平降低。因此,诊断时的NLR 和PLR 水平与PMR 患者的疾病活动相关。
6 NLR、PLR 与白塞综合征(Behcet disease,BD)
BD 是一种全身性、慢性、血管炎症性疾病,可涉及许多器官和系统,临床上以口、眼、生殖器溃疡为主要突出表现。在最近的一项研究中,Yolbas 等[30]得出结论,NLR 可能是活动性BD 的简单、便宜且方便的诊断标记。Zhang 等[31]研究发现,当NLR 为2.61 时,对BD 患者的诊断敏感性为62.7%,特异性为94.6%。Avci 等[32]研究表明,NLR 为2.04,对BD 患者的前葡萄膜炎诊断敏感性为67.6%,特异性为69.1%,与PLR 相比,NLR 是检测BD 患者前葡萄膜炎更好的标志。
7 NLR、PLR 与强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)
AS 是一种慢性风湿免疫性疾病,易累及脊柱和关节,主要临床表现为腰骶部疼痛,伴明显晨僵,休息时加重,活动后减轻,在年轻患者中比在老年人群中更常见。Zeb 等[33]研究表明,NLR 和PLR 是AS 患者炎症的良好标志,数值越高表明疾病活动越活跃。
8 小结
风湿免疫性疾病是一组慢性的自身免疫性疾病,病因、病理机制复杂,发病率高,可涉及全身各个器官组织,且易反复发作,严重的并发症及疾病活动期可影响并降低患者的日常生活质量,因此,对疾病的评估极其重要,应及早识别疾病的活动性并预测其并发症的风险,早期治疗干预,改善患者的病情,提高患者的生活质量。NLR、PLR 是近年来新发现的炎症指标,可以帮助诊断和评估机体的免疫炎症反应状态,有助于识别风湿免疫性疾病的活动性及在亚临床阶段早期发现各种并发症,及早干预治疗,并监测抗炎治疗的反应,为风湿免疫性疾病提供了一种新的指导评价方法,还需要更加深入的研究。
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Research progress on the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and rheumatic immune disease
LI Ping SUN Yu-wei JIAO Hong-mei ZHANG Miao REN Dan-dan
Department of Pediatrics, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang 157000, China
[Abstract]The pathogenesis of rheumatic immune diseases is complicated and the incidence is high, and it is easy to recur.Inflammatory response plays a very important role in rheumatic immune diseases.In recent years, researchers at home and abroad have discovered two inflammatory indicators: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-tolymphocyte ratio (PLR), which are easy to measure, fast to reproduce, and relatively economical.Initial studies have shown that NLR and PLR are related to the disease activity and prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases or malignant tumors.Recent studies have found that NLR and PLR are related to the acute phase activity of rheumatic immune diseases and can predict the risk of complications related to rheumatic immune diseases.This article reviews the research progress of NLR、PLR and rheumatic immune disease.
[Key words]Rheumatic immune disease;Inflammatory response;Inflammatory indicators;Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio
[中图分类号]R593.2
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2021)7(b)-0035-04
[作者简介]李平(1993-),女,硕士,研究方向:风湿免疫性疾病
通讯作者孙钰玮(1964-),男,硕士,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,主要从事小儿哮喘的诊治研究
(收稿日期:2021-01-29)