脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例报道并文献复习
姚本海1 刘海军2 曾尤超1 左 浩1 潘永洁1 詹 剑1▲
1.遵义医科大学第二附属医院神经内科,贵州遵义 563000;2.遵义医科大学附属医院神经内科,贵州遵义 563000
[摘要]本文报道1 例脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘的患者。脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘发病具有下肢无力、尿便困难、感觉障碍,早期临床症状常不典型,临床极易漏诊、误诊。本例患者既往有脑出血病史,经治疗后病情好转,仍遗留右侧肢体无力。8月前出现双下肢无力,当地医院考虑脑血管病再发,未行脊髓相关检查,导致疾病在早期出现误诊。到遵义医科大学第二附属医院后结合病情行脊髓MRI 检查发现脊髓病变、脊髓血管畸形。综合患者临床症状、体征及脊髓影像学表现,明确诊断:脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘,通过本案例报道及复习文献,加深对脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘的认识,提高医生对该疾病的诊治能力。
[关键词]下肢无力;排尿困难;脊髓MRI;脊髓硬脊膜;动静脉瘘
脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘(spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas,SDAVFs)是脊髓动脉和静脉血管系统互相作用引起的血管病变[1-2]。它可引起动脉系统血液异常流向静脉系统,导致静脉压升高,静脉回流受阻,引起髓内水肿和进行性脊髓病[3-5]。该病在临床上少见,早期的症状不典型,症状通常很模糊,包括感觉障碍、步态障碍、感觉异常和下肢神经根疼痛,易误诊、漏诊。本文报道的是1 例中老年患者,有脑出血史遗留右侧肢体无力,因早期症状不典型,误诊为脑血管病。入院后结合患者临床表现,行脊椎MRI 后明确诊断:SDAVFs。为提高临床医师对该疾病的认识,现将遵义医科大学第二附属医院收治的1 例SDAVFs 临床资料总结报道如下,并结合文献复习进行分析。
1 病例资料
患者,男性,53 岁,因“双下肢无力8月,排尿困难2月”于2020年10月10日轮椅推入遵义医科大学第二附属医院就诊。8月前(2020年2月)无明显诱因出现双下肢无力,始初以右下肢无力,逐渐发展至左下肢,病情逐渐加重,不能行走,伴下肢麻木,无尿便障碍,无头痛、呕吐及抽搐,无畏寒、发热,当地医院考虑脑血管病再发,具体诊疗不详,病情无好转。后出现排尿困难,尿失禁,尿频,大便失禁,无意识障碍、肢体抽搐,无饮水呛咳、吞咽困难,无呼吸困难,无腰部疼痛,再次就诊于当地医院,诊治不详,病情无好转。为进一步诊疗,门诊以“脑血管意外”收入我科,病来精神、饮食、睡眠可,体重无明显增减。既往史:15年前发现高血压,最高收缩压200 mmHg,规律服用降血压药物(具体不详),血压波动150~160/60~90 mmHg;10+年前因出现意识障碍、右侧肢体无力,外院诊断:脑出血,经保守治疗,患者病情逐渐好转,意识恢复,右上肢可持物、下肢可扶拐行走。否认糖尿病、心脏病等病史。吸烟20年×10 支/d;饮酒30年,500 g/d,6月来100~150 g/d,烟酒均未戒。入院查体:体温36.5℃、呼吸频率20 次/min、心率61 次/min、血压123/72 mmHg,心肺无阳性体征,膀胱区膨隆、叩诊呈浊音。神经系统查体:神志清楚,脑膜刺激征阴性,颅神经无异常,双上肢肌力5 级,右下肢肌力2 级,左下肢肌力3 级,右下肢肌张力高,双侧T12 以下痛温觉减退,右侧肢体腱反射活跃,病理征阴性。入院后辅助检查: 血常规、肝肾功能提示正常。尿常规提示白细胞+、尿潜血+++、尿蛋白+,沉渣定量:红细胞2154 个/μL、白细胞301 个/μL。心电图提示正常。腹部彩超提示尿潴留(膀胱残余尿量508 mL)。胸部CT 提示双肺上叶及下叶少量纤维化灶,右肺下叶钙化灶。头颅MRI+DWI 提示左侧顶枕叶脑软化灶并穿通畸形。颈胸椎MRI 提示颈椎轻度退行性变,颈胸段蛛网膜下腔见多发毛细血管丛,血管畸形待除外;胸7~12 椎体水平脊髓炎或梗死,胸段椎管血管畸形(图1),胸椎退行性变。腰椎MRI 提示:腰椎退行性变,腰部软组织肿胀,骶管囊肿。颈部CTA 提示未见异常。头部CTA 提示左大脑前动脉A1 段纤细。结合患者病情考虑:①脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘;②脑出血后遗症;③高血压3 级高危险组;④泌尿系感染。治疗:予以改善循环、营养神经、留置导尿、抗炎等治疗,病情无好转。本拟行脊髓造影术评估血管、进一步治疗,但患者及家属不同意,要求出院。
图1 颈胸椎MRI 影像学表现
A:颈段蛛网膜下腔血管扩张;B:胸段蛛网膜下腔血管扩张;C:胸段脊髓:呈长T2 信号
2 讨论
SDAVFs 是脊髓血管畸形最常见的类型,占脊髓血管病变的60%~80%[6-7]。SDAVFs 在临床上相对罕见,每年发病率为(5~10)/100 万,临床表现也比较隐匿,导致最初的诊断常常被误诊、漏诊[5-6];这种疾病早期表现为非特异性临床症状,诊断的中位时间12~44个月[8]。发病年龄通常在是中老年人高发,发病年龄在50~70 岁,男性居多,男性的发病率是女性的5 倍[9,12],不到1%的患者年龄小于30 岁[10]
SDAVFs 目前被认为是后天形成的,但其具体的机制不清楚。形成的因素较多,可能的诱因包括:感染、脊髓空洞、创伤和手术等因素导致,通常发生在胸腰椎的硬脊膜;60%~80%发生在胸椎,大多数在T7~T12 水平,腰椎和颈椎少见[5,11]。SDAVFs 典型的临床表现为下肢瘫痪、感觉障碍、膀胱直肠功能障碍三大症状,症状还有腰痛、性功能障碍等[11]。但在早期临床症状不典型,易忽略。大约60%的患者1年后确诊,导致留下严重残疾。SDAVFs 的诊断标准[12]:①脊髓损害的症状,包括步态异常,伴或不伴植物性泌尿功能障碍;②充血性脊髓病变,伴或不伴充血性髓周静脉在磁共振影像学上表现;③血管造影确诊。
SDAVFs 虽然没有明确的结构和血流动力学分类,但根据其复杂的血管解剖结构,进行了一系列的分类[13]。目前脊髓血管畸形主要分为四大类:Ⅰ型硬脊膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistulas,DAVF),Ⅱ型髓内血管球型动静脉瘘(arteriovenous fistulas,AVM),Ⅲ型儿童或合并AVM,Ⅳ型髓内硬膜下DAVF[13-14],其中Ⅰ型DAVF 最常见。
在检查方面,MRI 是首选的成像方式,常能显示脊髓水肿、强化和血管扩张[5,10,15]。典型的“流空现象”表现为脊髓背侧髓质引流静脉迂曲扩张,35%~91%的患者可见[16,17]。据Gogu 等[18]研究报道SDAVFs 的MRI T2 像显示脊髓中心呈高信号,脊髓后方蛇形样流动空洞表现,与硬膜内血管扩大一致。本案例报道的颈胸段MRI 脊髓及血管MRI 影像学表现与文献报道相符合。但确诊的金标准是选择性脊髓血管造影术[5]。血管造影术可用于血管病变的定位和治疗。
SDAVFs 应与脊髓炎、脊髓压迫、多发周围神经病变、脱髓鞘疾病、脊柱肿瘤和其他脊髓疾病相鉴 别[15,19]
对于SDAVFs 如果早期不及时诊断和治疗,会导致严重的并发症。为防止SDAVFs 神经功能永久性损害,如步态障碍、大小便障碍,早期诊断和治疗是至关重要的[2]。治疗的方法是阻塞瘘管分流,从而缓解症状。通过手术阻断硬膜内静脉或血管内治疗来实现。显微手术和血管内栓塞是治疗SDAVFs 的有效方法[1,2],但以上单一的治疗方法易导致失败和复发。据Bakker 等[20]发表了一篇荟萃分析,对SDAVFs 的治疗总结了35 项研究的结果,其中包含1112 例患者,手术成功率为96%,而栓塞成功率仅为72%。据Zhang等[21]报道对SDAVFs 采用Hybrid-ORs 与显微外科和术中DSA 系统相结合的治疗方式成为一种有效的手段,具有较高的安全性和容易性,其优点为:①与动脉内栓塞治疗SDAVFs 相比较,Hybrid-ORs 可以解决早期治疗失败率和晚期复发率较高的问题;②与显微手术中直接阻断SDAVFs 相比较,Hybrid-ORs 可利用术中DSA 系统定位分流和验证瘘口是否闭塞,以降低误闭塞率。
综上所述,SDAVFs 在初期临床症状无特异性,早期诊断较困难,故临床上容易误诊或漏诊,神经内科医师当遇到患者出现缓慢进展的下肢无力、尿便障碍、感觉障碍等表现时,应及时行MRI、血管造影术,早诊断及时处置,以免导致脊髓神经功能进行性恶化,呈不可逆的损害。
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Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a case report and literature review
YAO Ben-hai1 LIU Hai-jun2 ZENG You-chao1 ZUO Hao1 PAN Yong-jie1 ZHAN Jian1▲
1. Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China; 2. Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China
[Abstract] In this article, 1 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula was reported. The onset signs of SDAVF include lower limb weakness, urination and defecation difficulties, and sensory disturbance. With atypical early clinical symptoms in most cases, it is susceptible to clinical underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. The reported case was found with past medical history of cerebral hemorrhage, whose condition improved after medical treatment, but still had right limb weakness.Before August, he was found with the weakness in both lower limbs, local hospital considered the recurrence of cerebrovascular disease, but didn′t check up spinal cord, which led to the early misdiagnosis. At the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, this case was identified with spinal cord lesions and spinal vascular malformation by spinal cord MRI examination in consideration of the condition. The general consideration of clinical l symptoms, signs and spinal cord imaging findings led to the definitive diagnosis of SDAVF. The report and literature review of the case is expected to provide an insight into SDAVF and improve the ability of doctors to treat the disease.
[Key words] Weakness of lower limbs; Dysuria; Spinal MRI; Spinal dura mater; Arteriovenous fistula
[中图分类号] R651.2
[文献标识码] A
[文章编号] 1674-4721(2021)7(a)-0227-04
▲通讯作者
(收稿日期:2021-02-20)