降尿酸药物在冠心病合并高尿酸血症介入术患者中的应用
黄钱娥1 蔡琴红2 黄宇清1 朱红果1
1.广州市增城区人民医院肾内科,广东广州 511300;2.广州市增城区人民医院心血管内科,广东广州 511300
[摘要]目的 探讨降尿酸药物对冠心病合并高尿酸血症介入术患者造影剂肾病(CIN)的预防作用,以及对超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的影响。方法 选取2017年1月~2019年1月在广州市增城区人民医院心血管内科住院,并且诊断为冠心病合并高尿酸血症,入院后接受冠状动脉造影术或支架植入术治疗的90例患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组、非布司他组和苯溴马隆组,每组各30例。患者在造影或支架植入术前均采用冠心病二级预防治疗。非布司他组术前24 h 开始口服非布司他40 mg/d,苯溴马隆组术前24 h 开始口服苯溴马隆50 mg/d,对照组不服用降尿酸药物。比较三组术前48 h及术后72 h 血肌酐、血尿酸、胱抑素C(Cys-C)、hs-CRP水平,并记录CIN发生率。结果 三组术后72 h 血肌酐、Cys-C水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。非布司他组和苯溴马隆组术后72 h 血尿酸、hs-CRP 低于对照组(P<0.05)。非布司他组及苯溴马隆组术后72 h 的血尿酸水平均低于术前48 h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);非布司他组及苯溴马隆组术后72 h 的血肌酐、Cys-C及hs-CRP水平与术前48 h比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。非布司他组CIN发生率为13.33%(4/30),苯溴马隆组CIN发生率为13.33%(4/30),对照组CIN发生率为16.67%(5/30),组间两两CIN发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 术前24 h 开始降尿酸治疗不能降低冠心病合并高尿酸血症患者CIN 的发生率,但可以降低hs-CRP水平,对于术后远期肾功能的影响则需进一步研究。
[关键词]冠心病;高尿酸血症;造影剂肾病;非布司他;苯溴马隆
冠状动脉介入手术包括冠状动脉造影及支架植入治疗,已成为冠心病患者的主要治疗手段,其中不少患者存在造影剂肾病(CIN)的高危因素[1]。研究报道CIN 的发生率不等,在1%~30%,大多数CIN 的病程呈自限性,但任其发展会增加患者的住院时间、心血管不良事件的发生及死亡率[2]。近年来不少研究发现,高尿酸血症是冠心病患者冠状动脉造影或支架植入术后CIN发生的独立危险因素[3-4],但是关于降尿酸治疗是否能降低冠心病合并高尿酸血症患者CIN发生率的相关临床研究及报道较少,目前尚不明确。本研究旨在分析减少尿酸合成药物非布司他和促进尿酸排泄药物苯溴马隆对冠心病合并高尿酸血症患者术后CIN发生率的影响及其对超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平影响,为临床预防高尿酸患者的CIN提供新的有效方法,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2017年1月~2019年1月在广州市增城区人民医院心血管内科住院,并且诊断为冠心病合并高尿酸血症,入院后接受冠状动脉造影术或支架植入术治疗的90例患者,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和非布司他组、苯溴马隆组三组,每组各30例。冠心病诊断标准:经冠状动脉造影术诊断,冠状动脉或其主要分支至少一支血管狭窄程度超过50%。高尿酸血症诊断标准[5]:正常嘌呤饮食状态下,非同日两次空腹尿酸水平男性超过420 μmol/L,女性超过360 μmol/L。排除标准:①年龄<18岁者;②肝功能损害者;③慢性肾脏病者;④心功能衰竭者;⑤近2周内应用造影剂者;⑥近2 周应用降尿酸药物者。本研究已获得所有入组患者知情同意,且经广州市增城区人民医院医学伦理委员会审核批准。
三组患者的性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、吸烟、合并高血压、合并高脂血症、造影剂用量、使用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB) 药物等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1),具有可比性。
表1 三组患者一般资料比较

1.2 方法
全部患者予冠心病二级预防基础治疗、经皮冠状动脉造影或支架植入术,且术前6 h及术后12 h 给予0.9%生理盐水进行水化预防CIN 的发生,具体方法为:采用速度为1 ml/(kg·min)进行持续滴注。非布司他组:术前24 h 开始口服非布司他40 mg/d(江苏万邦生化医药股份有限公司,规格:40 mg,国药准字:H20130058,生产批号:200805)。苯溴马隆组:术前24 h 开始口服苯溴马隆50 mg/d(德国赫曼大药厂,规格:50 mg,国药准字:J20090012,进口药品注册证号:H20090138,生产批号:200204)。对照组:不服用降尿酸药物。
1.3 观察指标
所有患者在术前48 h及术后72 h 抽血,分别检测血肌酐、血尿酸及胱抑素C(Cys-C)、hs-CRP水平。记录每组CIN发生情况,CIN 诊断标准为:使用造影剂后72 h 内血肌酐较基线升高25%或血肌酐升高44 μmol/L[6]
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS Statistics 22.0 统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料以(±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t 检验,治疗前后的比较采用配对t 检验;多组间比较采用方差分析;计数资料采用率表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验;以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组术前48 h、术后72 h 血肌酐、血尿酸、Cys-C及hs-CRP水平的比较
非布司他组和对照组、苯溴马隆组和对照组分别比较,术前48 h 的血肌酐、血尿酸、Cys-C、hs-CRP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后72 h 的血肌酐、Cys-C水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);非布司他组及苯溴马隆组术后72 h 的血尿酸、hs-CRP水平低均于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。非布司他组及苯溴马隆组术后72 h 的血尿酸水平均低于术前48 h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);非布司他组及苯溴马隆组术后72 h 的血肌酐、Cys-C及hs-CRP水平与术前48 h 比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。非布司他组及苯溴马隆组术后72 h 血肌酐、血尿酸、Cys-C及hs-CRP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表2)。
表2 三组术前48 h、术后72 h 血肌酐、血尿酸、Cys-C及hs-CRP水平的比较(±s)

2.2 三组CIN发生率的比较
非布司他组CIN发生率为13.33%(4/30),苯溴马隆组CIN发生率为13.33%(4/30),对照组CIN发生率为16.67%(5/30),组间两两CIN发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
3 讨论
研究表明高尿酸血症与肾脏病的进展有关[7-8],不少研究也发现,高尿酸血症与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者的院内死亡率和CIN发生率相关[3-4,8]。尿酸是嘌呤代谢的终产物,尿酸升高抑制了一氧化氮(NO)从内皮细胞的释放[9-10],从而导致肾脏血流的减少。此外,尿酸可以增加血管平滑肌细胞中趋化因子单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)的产生,增强人血管内皮和平滑肌细胞中C反应蛋白(CRP)的合成[10-11],尿酸还可以抑制内皮细胞的增殖和迁移,并引起内皮细胞凋亡[12],故高尿酸患者更容易发生CIN。
一项对150例冠心病合并糖尿病患者CIN发生率的研究发现,高尿酸血症组CIN发生率(27.27%)高于血尿酸正常组(10.53%),高尿酸血症是CIN发生的独立危险因素[13]。Liu 等[14]研究提示,高尿酸血症是CIN 的一个独立的危险因素,其显著增加了正在接受冠状动脉造影治疗患者的住院不良结局,在PCI 术前测量血尿酸水平可能是评估发生CIN 风险和短期临床预后的有效方法,并提示促尿酸排泄治疗可能对预防CIN 有效。而最近的一项前瞻性随机对照研究选取了159例血肌酐>1.1 mg/dl 的患者,在进行造影剂和常规水化治疗前24 h 给予治疗组患者口服别嘌呤醇,研究发现对照组CIN发生率为7.5%,而尿酸浓度在介入治疗48 h后从6.8 mg/dl 下降到6.3 mg/dl,而口服别嘌呤醇组患者无一例发生CIN,尿酸浓度在介入治疗48 h后从6.8 mg/dl 下降到5.48 mg/dl,提示促尿酸排泄治疗可能对接受PCI 或其他手术患者的CIN 治疗有效[15]
非布司他是一种新型选择性黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,本研究结果显示,非布司他组术后72 h 的血尿酸水平低于术前48 h(P<0.05),提示非布司他降尿酸治疗有效,但与对照组术后72 h 的血肌酐水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。苯溴马隆为苯骈呋喃衍生物,主要通过抑制肾小管对尿酸的重吸收,从而降低血中尿酸浓度。本研究结果显示,苯溴马隆组术后72 h 血肌酐水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),非布司他组与苯溴马隆组与对照组的CIN发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。分析原因,可能与本研究非布司他组与苯溴马隆组术前24 h 开始服药,服药时间短,且术后观察期较短有关,但非布司他组与苯溴马隆组患者肾功能恶化趋势较对照组减低,且可以降低患者hs-CRP水平,与国外报道基本一致[16],可能对远期肾功能有保护作用。本研究存在以下局限性:本研究周期短,术后超过72 h及远期患者肾功能是否出现异常,降尿酸是否保护CIN患者远期肾功能,还需进一步研究及大规模临床研究证实。
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Application of uric acid lowering drugs in interventional patients with coronary heart disease and hyperuricemia
HUANG Qian-e1 CAI Qin-hong2 HUANG Yu-qing1 ZHU Hong-guo1
1.Department of Nephrology, Zengcheng District People′s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 511300, China;2.Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zengcheng District People′s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 511300, China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the preventive effect of uric acid lowering drugs on coronary artery disease complicated with contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), and the effect on hypersensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels.Methods A total of 90 patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology of the Zengcheng District People′s Hospital of Guangzhou from January 2017 to January 2019 and were diagnosed with coronary heart disease and hyperuricemia were admitted to the hospital for coronary angiography or stent implantation patient.Random number table method was used to divide patients into control group, febuxostat group and benzbromarone group, 30 cases in each group.Patients were treated with secondary prevention of coronary heart disease before angiography or stent implantation.The patients in the febuxostat group was treated with Febuxostat 40 mg/d 24 hours before surgery, and the patients in the benzbromarone group was treated with Benzbromarone 50 mg/d 24 hours before surgery.The patients in the control group did not receive any uric acid lowering drugs.The levels of blood creatinine, blood uric acid, cystatin C (Cys-C), and hs-CRP were compared among the three groups at 48 hours before surgery and 72 hours after surgery,and the incidence of CIN was recorded.Results There were no significant differences in serum creatinine and Cys-C levels among the three groups after 72 hours (P>0.05).The blood uric acid and hs-CRP of the febuxostat group and benzbromarone group at 72 hours after surgery were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05).The blood uric acid level in the febuxostat group and the benzbromarone group at 72 hours after surgery was lower than that at 48 hours before surgery, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The levels of serum creatinine, Cys-C and hs-CRP at 72 hours after surgery in febuxostat group and benzbromarone group were compared with 48 hours before surgery, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).The incidence of CIN in the febuxostat group was 13.33% (4/30),the incidence of CIN in the benzbromarone group was 13.33% (4/30), and the incidence of CIN in the control group was 16.67% (5/30).There was no significant difference in the incidence of CIN among groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Starting uric acid lowering therapy 24 hours before surgery cannot reduce the incidence of CIN in patients with coronary heart disease and hyperuricemia, but it can reduce the level of hs-CRP.The effect on long-term renal function after surgery needs further study.
[Key words]Coronary heart disease;Hyperuricemia;Contrast-induced nephropathy;Febuxostat;Benbromarone
[中图分类号]R692
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2020)8(b)-0050-04
(收稿日期:2020-05-27)