去氧肾上腺素联合麻黄碱对剖宫产手术产妇心率变异性的影响
朱美琳 郑文慧 程莉莉 张婷婷 董有静
中国医科大学附属盛京医院麻醉科,辽宁沈阳 110004
[摘要]目的 探讨去氧肾上腺素联合麻黄碱对于剖宫产手术中产妇心率变异性的影响。方法 选取2016年11月~2017年6月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院行择期剖宫产手术的90例足月单胎产妇作为研究对象,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,根据随机数字表法将其分为三组,每组各30例。麻醉后血压下降(较基础值下降20%或收缩压低于90 mmHg)的患者给予升压药物处理。E组给予麻黄碱0.15 mg/kg;P组给予去氧肾上腺素1 μg/kg;E+P组联合用药,给予麻黄碱0.1 mg/kg和去氧肾上腺素0.5 μg/kg。分别比较各组麻醉前(T0)、蛛网膜下腔注药后1 min(T1)、血压最低点给予升压药时(T2)、给药 3 min(T3)、给药 5 min(T4)、给药 10 min(T5)的心率变异性低频功率(LF)、心率变异性高频功率(HF)和心率变异性低频与高频功率的比值(LF/HF)。采用配对t检验法,比较各组时间点(T3~T5)与各组T0的各指标,判断是否存在统计学差异。结果 E组T1~T5时间点的LF与LF/HF值明显高于T0,HF明显低于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。P组T1~T3时间点的LF与LF/HF值明显低于T0,HF明显高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),T4、T5时间点的 LF、HF 和 LF/HF 与 T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。E+P 组 T3~T5时间点的 LF、HF和LF/HF与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。E组的T3、T4的LF和LF/HF值均明显高于E+P组,HF明显低于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。E组T5的LF值明显高于E+P组,HF明显低于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。P组T3的LF和LF/HF值明显低于E+P组,HF明显高于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 对于剖宫产手术的产妇,去氧肾上腺素与麻黄碱联合用药可以维持其自主神经交感/迷走的平衡,将LF、HF和LF/HF维持在正常状态,有益于心率变异性的稳定。
[关键词]心率变异性;频域分析;时域分析;麻黄碱;去氧肾上腺素;妊娠期高血压;剖宫产
[中图分类号]R714
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2018)7(b)-0117-05
[基金项目]辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2014021023)
[作者简介]朱美琳(1993-),女,江苏兴化人,中国医科大学2016级在读研究生,研究方向:妇产科手术麻醉
通讯作者董有静(1967-),男,辽宁沈阳人,博士,主任医师,研究方向:妇产科手术麻醉
Effect of Phenylephrine combined with Ephedrine on heart rate variability in puerpera undergoing cesarean section
ZHU Mei-lin ZHENG Wen-huiCHENG Li-liZHANG Ting-ting Dong You-jing
Department of Anesthesiology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Liaoning Province,Shenyang 110004,China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect of Phenylephrine combined with Ephedrine on heart rate variability(HRV)during cesarean section in puerperae.Methods Ninety full-term single-birth puerperae in ASAⅠ-Ⅱ patients undergoing cesarean section in appropriate time from November 2016 to June 2017 in our hospital were enrolled.They were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.Patients with reduced blood pressure after anesthesia(20%reduction from baseline or systolic blood pressure<90 mmHg)were treated for elevating blood pressure.The 0.15 mg/kg Ephedrine was provided in E group.And 1 μg/kg Phenylephrine was used in P group.In E+P group,Ephedrine(0.1 mg/kg)and Phenylephrine(0.5 μg/kg)were combined used.The HRV low frequency(LF),HRV high frequency(HF),and LF/HF were recorded before anesthesia(T0),1 min after injection into the subarachnoid space (T1),and at the lowest blood pressure using drugs for elevating blood pressure(T2),and 3 min(T3),5 min(T4),and 10 min(T5)after medication.By paired t-test,the indexes at T3-T5were compared with those at T0in order to determine whether there was a statistical difference.Results The values of LF and LF/HF at T1-T5time points in the E group were significantly higher than those at T0,and HF was significantly lower than T0,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).In the P group,the values of LF and LF/HF at T1-T3time points were much lower than those at T0and HF were greatly higher than T0,which was displayed statistical significance (P<0.05).In the P group,there was no sig-nificant difference in the values of LF,HF and LF/HF at T4and T5time points in the P group compared with T0(P>0.05).No significant difference in the values of LF,HF and LF/HF at T3-T5time points compared with T0in the E+P group (P>0.05).The LF and LF/HF at T3and T4time points in the E group were greatly higher than those in the E+P group,HF was significantly lower than that in the E+P group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The LF at T5time points in the E group was greatly higher than that in the E+P group,HF was significantly lower than that in the E+P group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The LF and LF/HF at T3time points in the P group were greatly higher than that in the E+P group,HF was significantly lower than that in the E+P group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion For puerperae undergoing cesarean section,Phenylephrine combined with Ephedrine can maintain autonomic sympathetic/vagal balance and keep LF,HF,and LF/HF in normal conditions,which is beneficial to the HRV stability.
[Key words]Heart rate variability;Frequency domain analysis;Time domain analysis;Ephedrine;Phenylephrine;Gestational hypertension;Cesarean section
剖宫产手术中麻醉药物、妊娠特殊生理及手术刺激等因素共同作用于产妇的自主神经系统,可使迷走与交感神经张力失衡,血流动力学显著变化,导致发生围术期恶性心血管事件[1-3]。麻醉后低血压是剖宫产手术的严重并发症[4]。干预措施中比较推崇的是血管活性药的使用[5-7],去氧肾上腺素与麻黄碱是产科麻醉后低血压的一线用药[8-9]。既往许多研究都是从血压、心率以及胎儿血气等方面评价去氧肾上腺素和麻黄碱的使用效果,对升压药物的选择一直存在争议[10]
心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)可通过无创手段监测自主神经实时变化,评价妊娠期母体自主神经系统功能[11]。HRV频域分析中的监测指标包括:①低频功率(low frequency,LF),反映交感和迷走神经的双重活性,且以交感为主;②高频功率(high frequency,HF),反映迷走神经活性,是心脏副交感神经活性的定量标志;③LF/HF,反映交感与迷走神经的平衡状态[12-13]。HRV在反映心脏自主神经系统和外周压力感受器调节的灵敏度要比血压、心率等指标更高,通过监测HRV预防与提早干预围术期恶性心血管事件具有重要临床意义[14-15]。本研究选取于中国医科大学附属盛京医院行择期剖宫产手术的90例足月单胎产妇作为研究对象,探讨去氧肾上腺素与麻黄碱联合用药对产妇HRV的影响,旨在寻找稳定自主神经系统的最佳用药方案,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2016年11月~2017年6月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院行择期剖宫产手术的90例足月单胎产妇作为研究对象,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,术前心、肺、肝、肾功能检查均正常。年龄20~40岁,身高150~170 cm,体重 50~100 kg,BMI≤40 kg/m2
排除标准:ASA分级≥Ⅲ级;多胎;妊娠期肥胖;合并妊娠期高血压疾病;睡眠呼吸暂停综合征;妊娠期糖尿病及糖耐量异常;心脑血管疾病、肝肾疾病;有神经系统及内分泌病史、精神障碍等其他影响自主神经病变;椎管内麻醉禁忌患者;术前应用影响自主神经药物及术前合并水电解质紊乱患者;以血压较基础值低20%或者收缩压<90 mmHg为判断低血压的标准,如一次给药不能缓解低血压症状,予以排除;由临床症状判断不能实现按原分组计划给药者,同样予以排除,并根据临床状况由经验丰富的麻醉医生进行有效治疗。
根据随机数字表法将研究对象分为三组(E组、P组与E+P组),每组各30例。三组产妇的身高、体重、BMI、年龄、麻醉平面、术中输液量等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1),具有可比性。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会审核及同意,参与研究的产妇均知晓本研究情况并签署知情同意书。
表1 三组产妇一般资料的比较(±s)

1.2 方法
E组静脉注射盐酸麻黄碱(南阳普康药业有限公司,批号:170406-2)0.15 mg/kg;P 组静脉注射盐酸去氧肾上腺素(上海禾丰制药有限公司,批号:07170701)1 μg/kg;E+P组静脉注射麻黄碱0.1 mg/kg+去氧肾上腺素 0.5 μg/kg。
产妇入室后左倾仰卧位(产妇右髋下垫高15°~30°)安静休息5 min后开始持续监测血压、心率、血氧饱和度及动态心电图,开放静脉通道,以麻醉前3次测量值的平均值作为产妇的基础值。在麻醉诱导前输注羟乙基淀粉液10 ml/kg,输注时间大于10 min,不使用常规术前药。患者取右侧卧位,选取L3-4间隙进行腰硬联合穿刺,见脑脊液流出,蛛网膜腔注入0.5%等比重的布比卡因。根据产妇身高、体重以及自身状况选择麻醉药物用量,腰麻针针孔方向头侧,注药速度0.2 ml/s,注射药物完成后退出腰麻针,经硬膜外腔向头向置管,留置导管3 cm,迅速恢复左倾仰卧位。蛛网膜下腔给药后,每3 min测量一次麻醉平面,连续两次测量平面相同时,记为最高阻滞平面。术中根据麻醉平面酌情硬膜外追加2%利多卡因,调控最高阻滞平面达T6-8范围内。若发生心动过缓(心率<60次/min),静脉推阿托品0.5 mg。于胎儿娩出5 min内采集脐静脉血进行血气分析。出现低血压时,各组均按上述给药方案处理。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
采用迪美泰Dicare-m1CX型心电记录仪测定HRV数据,并用心电图阅读软件ECG Viewer进行数据转换。 记录产妇入室(T0)、腰麻药注入 1 min(T1)、血压降低点给药时(T2)、给药 3 min(T3)、给药 5 min(T4)、给药 10 min(T5)的心率变异性低频功率(LF)、心率变异性高频功率(HF)和心率变异性低频与高频功率的比值(LF/HF)结果。记录最高阻滞平面,收集胎儿血气分析结果,记录术中产妇恶心呕吐等不良反应的发生情况。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(±s)表示,方差齐性检验应用Levene检验,组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料采用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
组内比较:E组T1~T5的LF和LF/HF明显低于T0,HF 明显高于 T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。P组 T1、T2、T3的 LF 和 LF/HF 明显低于 T0,HF 明显高于 T0, 差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05),T4、T5时间点的LF、HF和LF/HF与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 E+P 组 T1、T2的 LF 和 LF/HF 明显低于 T0,HF明显高于 T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),T3、T4和 T5的LF、HF、LF/HF与T0比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
组间比较:E组 T3、T4的LF和 LF/HF值均明显高于E+P组,HF明显低于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。E组T5的LF值明显高于E+P组,HF明显低于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。P组T3的LF和LF/HF值明显低于E+P组,HF明显高于E+P 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2、图1)。
表2 三组产妇不同时间点HRV指标的比较(±s)

 
图1 三组产妇不同时间点的LF/HF变化趋势图
E组不同时间点与本组T0比较,*P<0.05;P组不同时间点与本组T0比较,#P<0.05;E+P组不同时间点与本组T0比较,&P<0.05。E组与E+P组同时间比较,@P<0.05,P组与E+P组同时间比较,$P<0.05
3 讨论
T1阻滞交感神经,LF/HF下降,继而造成麻醉后低血压;T2兴奋交感神经,LF/HF升高。去氧肾上腺素选择性激动α受体,升压的同时反射性兴奋迷走神经,LF/HF下降,而过度兴奋的迷走神经会造成窦性心动过缓、房室传导阻滞,严重者会造成心脏骤停。麻黄碱可同时激动α和β受体,在升压的同时激动心脏β1受体,避免了反射性心率减慢的危险,但会导致LF以及LF/HF升高。两药联合应用,使去氧肾上腺素反射性兴奋迷走神经作用和麻黄碱过度兴奋心脏的不良反应相互抵消,有益于血流动力学的稳定。
本研究结果提示,E组T1~T5时间点的LF/HF值明显高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),证明单一给予麻黄碱会导致交感张力过度增加。P组T1~T3时间点的LF/HF值明显低于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),证明单一给予去氧肾上腺素会导致迷走张力过度增加。而E+P组T3~T5时间点的LF、HF和LF/HF与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),证明联合用药可以将自主神经调节能力稳定在正常状态。E组T3、T4的LF和LF/HF值均明显高于E+P组,HF明显低于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。E组T5的LF值明显高于E+P组,HF明显低于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。P组T3的LF和LF/HF值明显低于E+P组,HF明显高于E+P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
本研究中,P组4例心率<60次/min,出现心率过缓,需给予阿托品升高心率。有文献报道,剖宫产手术中持续输注去氧腺素导致的心率下降会造成产妇心输出量下降多达17%,影响胎盘血供,增加胎儿宫内窘迫的风险[16]。进一步比较P组和E+P组的心率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),证明从心率的角度分析,E+P组是最优的选择。
剖宫产手术中常用血压和心率衡量升压药物药物安全性和有效性。如用血压来衡量,两种药物的起效时间和药效持续时间并不相同。用心率来衡量,去氧肾上腺素会反射性兴奋迷走神经导致心动过缓,而麻黄碱兴奋交感会导致心动过速。由于血压和心率的变化并不统一,所以单纯的用血压或心率评价升压药物对于产妇的作用效果并不准确。麻醉后血压的波动与自主神经对于血管张力的调控密切相关[17],应用HRV评价升压药效果更加合理。
综上所述,与单独用药比较,联合麻黄碱与去氧肾上腺素治疗剖宫产手术麻醉后低血压,可减少各自用药剂量,增加药效,减少不良反应,将HRV维持在稳定状态,是剖宫产手术麻醉后低血压的首选用药。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-18 本文编辑:孟庆卿)