Iron deficiency anemia is clinically common in chronic bleeding resulting in depletion of iron storage in the body, followed by iron deficiency in red blood cells, resulting in iron deficiency anemia, its incidence in women of childbearing age significantly increased, iron deficiency anemia treatment principle is to actively seek causes and make up iron storage, correct anemia. Globin-producing aplastic anemia, formerly known as thalassemia, is a group of hereditary hemolytic anemia diseases. An anemia or pathological condition resulting from an inherited genetic defect that results in the absence or insufficiency of the synthesis of one or more globin chains of hemoglobin. The disease is widely distributed in many areas of the world, southeast Asia is one of the high incidence areas. Sporadic cases occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Sichuan, and sporadic cases occur in provinces and regions south of the Yangtze River, but rarely in the north. Clinical diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia is often not further screening, resulting in the occurrence of genetic diseases. This paper reported a case of thalassemia masked by iron deficiency anemia, suggesting that thalassemia screening can be improved in the accurate diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, and it is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of anemia and eugenics.