托伐普坦联合呋塞米在心力衰竭合并肾功能不全患者中的应用
武春艳1 曾海燕2▲
1.南华大学衡阳医学院附属第三医院心内科,湖南衡阳 421900;2.南华大学衡阳医学院附属第二医院心内科,湖南衡阳 421001
[摘要]目的 探讨托伐普坦联合呋塞米治疗心力衰竭合并肾功能不全的效果。方法 选取2019年12月至2020年12月南华大学衡阳医学院附属第三医院及南华大学衡阳医学院附属第二医院收治的70 例心力衰竭合并肾功能不全患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为实验组(35 例)和对照组(35 例)。实验组采用托伐普坦联合呋塞米治疗,对照组使用呋塞米治疗。比较两组患者治疗后的心功能分级情况,治疗前后的尿量、体重、血压、N 末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)、电解质及肾功能变化情况。结果 实验组治疗后心功能分级优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗前尿量、体重及血压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组治疗后体重低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组治疗后尿量多于治疗前,体重低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血压两组治疗前后比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗前NT-proBNP、电解质比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后实验组NT-proBNP 低于对照组,血钾水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后实验组的NT-proBNP 低于治疗前,对照组血钾水平低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗前后钠、氯水平的组间及组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前两组肾功能各指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后实验组的尿素氮、肌酐水平低于对照组,肾小球滤过率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 托伐普坦能有效改善心衰合并肾功能不全患者的症状及生化指标,增加尿量,改善液体平衡,总体耐受性良好,在此类顽固性心衰患者的治疗中具有重大的临床价值。
[关键词]心力衰竭;肾功能不全;利尿剂抵抗;托伐普坦;疗效观察
随着人口老龄化及心血管疾病的发生,心力衰竭(心衰)发病率大幅度增加,容量负荷过重是心衰控制的难点[1],加强容量管理及治疗在心衰治疗中尤为重要。目前常用的利尿剂可显著增加水钠排泄,导致水电解质紊乱、神经体液机制的激活,促进心肌细胞、血管重塑,加重心肌损伤、心功能恶化和肾功能不全,增加全因死亡率、心血管死亡率及再入院风险[2-5];此外,由于心衰患者药物吸收不良、肾血流量下降、合并肾功能不全等可影响利尿剂发挥作用,出现利尿剂抵抗现象,使药效降低[6-7]。托伐普坦作为一种全新机制的利尿剂,对心衰所致水钠潴留非常有效[8-9]。然而对于合并肾功能不全所致的利尿剂抵抗患者是否同样有效,目前研究数据有限,本研究通过比较心衰治疗过程中常规利尿剂和加用托伐普坦治疗的相关指标变化,分析其在临床治疗中的作用。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2019年12月至2020年12月南华大学衡阳医学院附属第三医院及南华大学衡阳医学院附属第二医院收治的70 例心衰合并肾功能不全患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为实验组(35 例)和对照组(35 例)。两组患者的一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1),具有可比性。本研究经南华大学衡阳医学院附属第三医院及南华大学衡阳医学院附属第二医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有参与研究的患者均已签署知情同意书。纳入标准:①已确诊为严重的顽固性心衰患者; ②常规利尿剂效果不佳,需要使用大量利尿剂; ③N 末端B 型利钠肽原(Nterminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)>300 pg/ml;④美国慢性肾脏病分期2~3 期;⑤同意在医院接受治疗。排除标准:①已明确对该药过敏或存在禁忌;②明显的肾功能异常,有活动性肝病或肝功能显著异常者;③恶性肿瘤,妊娠或哺乳期患者;④心源性休克者;⑤重症感染。
表1 两组患者一般资料比较(±s)
1.2 方法
所有患者住院期间均接受常规抗心衰治疗,如血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂坎地沙坦片(天地恒制药股份有限公司,生产批号200701)、β 受体阻滞剂美托洛尔缓释片(AstraZeneca AB,生产批号2007059)、调脂药阿托伐他汀钙片(福建东瑞制药有限公司,生产批号042012065)、醛固酮受体拮抗剂螺内酯(浙江亚太药业股份有限公司,生产批号A201101)、抗血小板聚集药阿司匹林肠溶片(拜耳医药保健有限公司,生产批号BJ55329)、氯吡格雷(赛若菲杭州制药有限公司,生产批号AA816)、正性肌力药西地兰(上海旭东海普药业有限公司,生产批号AF200502)。实验组使用呋塞米针(天津金耀集团湖北天药,生产批号D42004092),20 mg,每天1 次,联合托伐普坦片(浙江大冢制药有限公司,生产批号200603s)15 mg,每天1 次;对照组患者仅使用呋塞米针,20 mg,每天1 次。两组患者均治疗观察1 周。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
比较两组患者治疗后的心功能分级情况,治疗前后的尿量、体重、血压、NT-proBNP、电解质及肾功能变化情况。
①心功能分级情况。根据美国纽约心脏病学会(New York Heart Association,NYHA)分级分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级[11],Ⅰ级:患者患有心脏病但活动量不受限制,平时一般活动不引起疲乏、心悸、呼吸困难或心绞痛。Ⅱ级:体力活动轻度受限。休息时无症状,但平时一般活动下可出现疲乏、心悸、呼吸困难或心绞痛。Ⅲ级:体力活动明显受限,休息时无症状,轻于日常的活动即可引起上述症状。Ⅳ级:不能从事任何体力活动,休息状态下也出现心衰症状,体力活动后加重。②治疗期间每日记录血压(收缩压、舒张压)、24 h 尿量、体重。③电解质及NT-proBNP 情况。分别于治疗前后清晨空腹采集静脉血,检测治疗前后的血钠、氯、钾浓度及NT-proBNP 水平。两组患者血钠、氯、钾浓度采用离子电极法,使用优利特电解质分析仪;NT-proBNP测定采用化学发光法,使用南京诺尔曼化学发光仪及配套试剂盒进行测试。④肾功能。分别于治疗前后清晨空腹采集静脉血,检测肌酐、尿素氮,计算肾小球滤过率[10]。肾功能测定采用酶法,使用日立7180 生化机。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0 统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(±s)表示,两组间比较采用t 检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验;等级资料采用秩和检验,以P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者治疗后心功能分级情况的比较
实验组治疗后心功能分级优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2)。
表2 两组患者治疗后心功能分级情况的比较(例)
2.2 两组患者治疗前后尿量、体重及血压的比较
两组治疗前尿量、体重及血压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组治疗后体重低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组治疗后尿量多于治疗前,体重低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗前后血压的组间及组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表3)。
表3 两组患者治疗前后尿量、体重及血压的比较(±s)
1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
2.3 两组患者治疗前后NT-proBNP、电解质的比较
两组治疗前NT-proBNP、电解质比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后实验组NT-proBNP 低于对照组,血钾水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后实验组的NT-proBNP 低于治疗前,对照组血钾水平低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组治疗前后钠、氯水平的组间及组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表4)。
表4 两组患者治疗前后NT-proBNP、电解质的比较(±s)
2.4 两组患者治疗前后肾功能的比较
治疗前两组肾功能各指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后实验组的尿素氮、肌酐水平低于治疗前,肾小球滤过率高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗前后的尿素氮、肌酐及肾小球滤过率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后实验组的尿素氮、肌酐水平低于对照组,肾小球滤过率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表5)。
表5 两组患者治疗前后肾功能的比较(±s)
3 讨论
随着心衰患者人数的不断增加,除常规治疗之外,更安全有效的利尿治疗对于减轻患者的症状及缩短治疗时间至关重要。心衰发生时由于神经内分泌系统过度激活、 心输出量降低及肾脏功能的下降等共同导致容量负荷过重[12-13]。因此,容量管理是心衰治疗的一项重大挑战,利尿作为其重要的策略,可减轻容量负荷,改善氧合状态,缓解水肿症状和体征,从而达到控制心衰的目的,而利尿剂抵抗可降低该药的使用效果[14-15]。托伐普坦以其强大的排水不排钠的特点给临床严重心衰并利尿剂抵抗患者带来了希望。同时,在常规利尿剂治疗效果不佳时,仍有较强的利尿效果[16-17]。
呋塞米可显著增加水钠排泄,但大剂量使用时,易导致水、电解质紊乱而引起低钾、低钠血症,使神经体液机制如肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统和交感神经系统激活,促进心肌细胞、血管重塑,加重心肌损伤、心功能恶化和肾功能不全,增加全因死亡率、心血管病死亡率以及再入院风险[18-20];托伐普坦作为一种全新机制的强效利尿剂,对水钠潴留非常有效,为已知的治疗方法提供了新的思路,同时不损害肝肾功能、不引起电解质紊乱、不激活神经体液机制,通过减轻心脏前后负荷用于心衰治疗而受到临床的广泛关注[21]。
本研究选取70 例心衰合并肾功能不全患者,观察两组患者入院至出院过程中容量控制指标及心衰改善指标的变化。结果显示,实验组治疗后心功能分级优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组治疗后体重低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后实验组NT-proBNP 低于对照组,血钾水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后实验组的尿素氮、肌酐水平低于对照组,肾小球滤过率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示托伐普坦可显著改善该类患者的容量控制和症状,与接受标准抗心衰治疗难以控制的患者比较,添加托伐普坦可增加尿量,而不会进一步损害肾脏,在临床中具有重大的治疗价值。且托伐普坦可改善慢性失代偿性心衰合并肾功能不全患者的临床症状及心功能,并不影响血清电解质的水平,在具有容量管理挑战性的顽固性心衰住院患者中有肯定的近期临床疗效。
综上所述,托伐普坦能在短期内增加患者的尿量、减轻体重、改善心功能,并不导致肾功能恶化,不引起电解质紊乱,且对患者的血压水平影响较小,为合并有肾功能不全的利尿剂抵抗心衰患者提供了一个全新、有效、安全的治疗选择,但其长期的临床疗效及不良反应有待进一步的大规模临床随机对照研究证实。
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Application of Tolvaptan combined with Furosemide in patients with heart failure complicated with renal insufficiency
WU Chun-yan1 ZENG Hai-yan2▲
1. Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hu′nan Province, Hengyang 421900, China; 2. Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hu′nan Province, Hengyang 421001, China [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of Tolvaptan combined with Furosemide in the treatment of heart failure complicated with renal insufficiency. Methods A total of 70 patients with heart failure complicated with renal insufficiency admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of University of South China and the Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China from December 2019 to December 2020 were selected as the research subjects, and were divided into experimental group (35 cases) and control group (35 cases) by random number table method. The experimental group was treated with topaptan combined with furosemide, while the control group was treated with furosemide. The cardiac function classification, urine volume, body weight, blood pressure, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), electrolyte and renal function changes were compared between the two groups after treatment. Results The grading of cardiac function in the experimental group was better than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in urine volume, body weight and blood pressure between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the weight of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). In the experimental group, urine volume after treatment was higher than before treatment and body weight was lower than before treatment, with statistical significance (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups before and after treatment (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in NT-probNP and electrolyte between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment,nT-probNP in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group, and blood potassium level was higher than that in the control group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). After treatment, nT-probNP in the experimental group was lower than before treatment, and blood potassium level in the control group was lower than before treatment,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in sodium and chlorine levels between the two groups before and after treatment (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in renal function indexes between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, and the glomerular filtration rate was higher than that in the control group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Tolvaptan can effectively improve the symptoms and biochemical indicators of patients with heart failure and renal insufficiency, increase urine output, improve fluid balance, and have a good overall tolerance. It has great clinical value in the treatment of refractory heart failure.
[Key words] Heart failure; Renal insufficiency; Diuretic resistance; Tolvaptan; Efficacy observation
[中图分类号] R541.4
[文献标识码] A
[文章编号] 1674-4721(2021)10(a)-0004-05
[基金项目]湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(18B283)。
[作者简介]武春艳(1982-),女,湖南怀化人,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:心血管疾病的防治。
▲通讯作者:曾海燕(1980-),女,湖南衡阳人,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向:心血管疾病的防治。
(收稿日期:2021-04-02)
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