硫唑嘌呤治疗炎症性肠病发生淋巴瘤的风险研究进展
申艳丽 张安兴 罗 娟 缪应雷
昆明医科大学第一附属医院消化内科,云南昆明 650032
[摘要]近年来,炎症性肠病(IBD)患者发生淋巴瘤的报道越来越多。多数研究认为IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的危险性低,但接受硫唑嘌呤(AZA)治疗的IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的危险性明显增高。目前AZA是IBD患者最常用的免疫抑制剂,其不良反应受到临床医师越来越多的关注。本文综述AZA治疗IBD患者诱发淋巴瘤的危险性、可能机制、临床获益及注意事项,以期帮助提高临床医师对该病的认识。
[关键词]炎症性肠病;硫唑嘌呤;淋巴瘤;治疗
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种病因尚不明确的肠道慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)。目前治疗IBD的主要药物包括:5-氨基水杨酸制剂、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂。在IBD的治疗中免疫抑制剂应用广泛,临床上比较常用的免疫抑制剂为硫唑嘌呤(Azathioprine,AZA)[1]。AZA治疗通常比较安全并且耐受良好,但其治疗过程中所产生的不良反应报道也越来越多,如诱发胰腺炎、骨髓抑制、结直肠癌、淋巴瘤等[2-3]。本文对AZA治疗IBD患者诱发淋巴瘤的危险性、可能机制、临床获益及注意事项等进行综述。
1 AZA治疗IBD患者诱发淋巴瘤的危险性
1.1 IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的危险性较低
IBD患者发生淋巴瘤最早是从1928年进入人们的视线,此后,越来越多的病例报告和临床研究进一步推测了IBD和淋巴瘤之间存在关联,但仍未能确定两者之间的显著相关性。
目前大部分研究认为IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的风险与健康对照人群的大致相同或略增高。宾夕法尼亚大学医学院曾进行了一项较有说服力的研究,该研究纳入了16 996例IBD患者,每例患者随访时间超过1年,结果表明,IBD患者淋巴瘤的发病率并不高;当细分为UC和CD 群组时,与对照组比较,两组在统计学上均未显示淋巴瘤发生率有显著增加[4]。2016年,Wheat 等[5]发表的一篇Meta分析中提到,IBD 中淋巴瘤的发病率为0.0/10 万~81.7/10 万,CD 中淋巴瘤的发病率为0.0/10 万~62.2/10 万,UC 中发病率为0.0/10万~76.2/10 万。以上数据表明,IBD 中淋巴瘤的发病率较低。
1.2 接受AZA治疗的IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的危险性明显增高
在IBD的治疗中,AZA作为一线免疫抑制剂,能有效地治疗活动性和激素难治性IBD,并应用于IBD维持临床缓解[6-7]。目前关于接受AZA治疗的IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的文献大部分依赖于回顾性研究和病例报道。多数研究均认为,接受AZA治疗的IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的危险性明显增高,其风险程度是未接受AZA治疗患者的3~5倍,而且年龄较大、治疗持续时间长、男性患者与风险增加相关[8-9]
AZA在治疗IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的过程中起重要作用,且在高龄患者中更显著。美国Khan 等[10]研究认为,与未接受AZA治疗的患者相比,活跃使用AZA治疗年龄>65岁的UC 患者所有类型淋巴瘤的发病率高出了6倍。Beigel 等[11]的研究同样发现,使用AZA后发生恶性肿瘤的IBD患者,大部分年龄>50岁,同时也指出AZA治疗时间>4年发生淋巴瘤的风险增加。
IBD患者接受AZA治疗持续时间越长,尤其是≥4年,淋巴瘤的发病风险显著增加。Khan 等[10]的研究提出,相较于未使用AZA治疗的UC 患者,使用AZA治疗的淋巴瘤发病相关风险增加约4倍,且这种风险的大小与治疗持续时间显著相关,治疗持续时间为4年,达到统计学显著性的阈值。该研究中AZA累积效应分析的结果为,使用1、2、3、4年和4年以上淋巴瘤的发病率分别为0.9/1000、1.6/1000、1.6/1000、5/1000和8.9/1000。
Barzilai 等[12]的研究发现,用免疫抑制剂治疗的IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的人群中男性患者比例更大,男女比例约为4∶1。Smith 等[13]的研究中也观察到霍奇金淋巴瘤人群中男性居多。造成这种性别差异的一个原因可能为不同性别的免疫反应存在差异,女性的免疫系统与同龄男性相比,可能产生更强的先天性和适应性反应。
1.3 AZA停药后发病风险降低
Khan 等[10]的研究同样发现,整个队列中淋巴瘤总发病率为0.63/1000,而AZA治疗中和停药后,淋巴瘤的发病率分别为2.31/1000和0.28/1000。该研究还表明,使用AZA治疗前3年发生淋巴瘤的风险小于所获得的收益,在治疗的第4年风险开始接近收益,并在第4年后,在中位随访时间为3.5年时停用AZA会降低淋巴瘤的风险。Beaugerie 等[14]的研究同样发现,停用AZA治疗的患者淋巴瘤发病风险低于接受AZA治疗的患者。
2 AZA治疗IBD患者诱发淋巴瘤的可能机制
目前关于AZA治疗IBD患者诱发淋巴瘤的作用机制研究甚少,结合现有研究考虑,其可能的作用机制为抑制IBD患者的免疫细胞或者某个亚群细胞,增加感染风险及诱导基因突变等[15-16]
AZA本身没有活性,必须经过人体内一系列的酶代谢反应,生成活性产物6-硫鸟嘌呤核苷酸(6-thioguanine nucleotide,6-TGN)来发挥细胞毒效应,这也是发生骨髓抑制的主要原因[17-18]。6-TGN 能干扰细胞DNA合成及修复,可能由此造成基因序列的错配或不稳定,使基因对如氧自由基等内源性致突变因素及如紫外线等外源性致突变因素的敏感性改变,从而诱导基因突变。
AZA抑制了机体的免疫系统功能,使机体免疫系统对潜在恶变的细胞失去了正常的监视和杀灭,致使恶变细胞在体内生长繁殖,导致接受AZA治疗的IBD患者免疫功能受抑制后发生淋巴瘤。由于免疫系统功能受到抑制,这类患者更容易出现Epstein-Barr 病毒(EBV)感染[19]。EBV是一种人类疱疹病毒,感染人群达90%以上,原发感染通常发生在儿童时期,EBV感染淋巴细胞存在于由细胞介导的、免疫系统控制的终生无症状潜伏状态。当宿主免疫系统受抑制时,对潜伏EBV感染的免疫监视减少,容易出现EBV 阳性淋巴瘤[20]。有研究报道,IBD患者肠道炎症区域中淋巴瘤的发病率高,表明慢性炎症导致的慢性抗原刺激可能在这些病变的发病机制中起作用[12]。同时,在IBD患者的肠道黏膜炎症区域中EBV的感染率高达64%,EBV感染的B 淋巴细胞在炎症区域扩增,导致黏膜局部损伤加重,使用AZA治疗的IBD患者免疫受到抑制,EBV的免疫调节作用可以延迟IBD相关炎症的消退,从而促进淋巴瘤进展。
3 AZA治疗IBD的临床获益及注意事项
多项研究结果表明,尽管AZA在IBD的治疗中有诱发淋巴瘤的风险,但权衡其在治疗过程中获得的收益,AZA仍然是IBD 治疗的良好选择[21-22]。一项研究数据提示,对于已经达到临床缓解的CD患者,停用AZA治疗,在36个月内,超过50%的患者疾病复发[23]。虽然AZA用药超过4年后淋巴瘤发病风险明显增加,停药后发生风险有所降低,但考虑淋巴瘤发病风险并不显著且停药后疾病复发风险增高,故临床上并不建议用药4年即停用AZA。老年患者在使用免疫抑制剂治疗时恶性肿瘤的发病风险明显增加,综合前文提到的部分研究结果,对于年龄>65岁的IBD患者来说,选用AZA治疗前需根据临床情况谨慎评估利弊。
由于IBD患者长期接受AZA治疗后,发生淋巴瘤的危险性明显增高,临床医师需在患者用药前及用药过程中进行严密监测,及时发现病情变化。嘌呤甲基转移酶(thiopurine methyltransferase,TPMT)是AZA发挥作用过程中的重要代谢酶,TPMT 缺乏的患者在接受AZA治疗后体内6-TGN 浓度较高,发生白血病、淋巴瘤等恶性疾病的风险较高[24-25]。故IBD患者接受AZA治疗前,应检测TPMT的酶活性以确定用药剂量,并在治疗过程中监测其活性调整药物剂量[26-27]。IBD患者如需接种水痘带状疱疹病毒、人乳头瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)、流感、肺炎球菌等疫苗,需在接受AZA治疗前进行,治疗开始后禁用活疫苗[28]。同时,用药前还应该检测EBV、乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)、丙肝病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)和HPV 等以评估患者发生恶性疾病的相对风险,若有病毒感染需及时进行抗病毒治疗或接种疫苗,这与当前的欧洲CD 与结肠炎组织指南中的建议一致[29-31]。如果乙肝核心抗体(HBcAb)阴性应该推荐接种乙肝疫苗,并定时监测使乙肝表面抗体滴度水平维持在一定的水平;为防止乙肝活动,血清HBsAg 阳性的患者,不论血清病毒载量的高低,在接受免疫抑制剂治疗前、治疗期间或停药后,均需接受强有效的抗病毒治疗。此外,还应该进行淋巴瘤、结肠癌、皮肤癌、宫颈癌等的筛查。对患者进行健康教育也尤为重要,包括避免使用致癌物质、戒烟、避免紫外线照射等[32]。用药过程中,应该定期检测药物浓度并及时调整药物剂量。有研究表明,维持中国患者临床缓解所需的最佳6-TGN 浓度阈值为180~355 pmol/8×108RBC[33-34]。用药过程中如果监测到有恶性肿瘤发生,应停用AZA。停用AZA的同时,应该优化非免疫抑制治疗,如营养支持、抗生素治疗、手术干预等。
4 小结
IBD患者发生淋巴瘤的风险较低,其中男性CD患者发生淋巴瘤的风险高于一般人群。在IBD的治疗过程中,AZA的应用与淋巴瘤的发病风险增加有关,其可能原因为AZA诱导基因突变并抑制机体免疫状态,增加了机会性感染风险等。尽管AZA增加了淋巴瘤发生的风险,但目前AZA仍然是IBD 治疗的核心药物,在今天的医疗决策中患者的自主权越来越重要,临床医师必须意识到二者的相关性,权衡利弊,为患者提供最佳的临床决策。
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Research progress of lymphoma risk in inflammatory bowel disease treated with Azathioprine
SHEN Yan-li ZHANG An-xing LUO Juan MIAO Ying-lei
Department of Gastroenterology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Yunnan Province,Kunming 650032,China
[Abstract]In recent years,there have been more and more reports of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Most studies have recognized that patients with IBD have a low risk of developing lymphoma,but the risk of lymphoma significantly increases in those patients treated with Azathioprine (AZA).At present,the adverse reactions of AZAwhich is the most commonly used as immunosuppressant in IBD patients have attracted more and more attention from clinicians.This article reviews not only the risk and possible mechanisms of lymphoma induced by AZAin patients with IBD,but also the clinical benefits and precautions of IBD patients treated with AZA,so as to help clinicians improve the understanding of the disease.
[Key words]Inflammatory bowel disease;Azathioprine;Lymphoma;Treatment
[中图分类号]R574
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2020)2(b)-0019-04
[基金项目]国家自然科学基金资助项目(81670501);云南省创新团队计划项目(2017HC005)
▲通讯作者
(收稿日期:2019-08-14 本文编辑:任秀兰)