CT鉴别诊断囊变肺癌与薄壁空洞性肺癌的研究
高 峰 彭荣华 黄永穗 沈小斌 谭传允
广东省佛山市南海区桂城医院放射科,广东佛山 528000
[摘要]目的 分析完全或绝大部分囊变型肺癌与空洞性肺癌的CT表现及病理基础。方法 回顾性分析我院2017年1月~2018年1月病理确诊为为30例薄壁空洞性肺癌患者及完全或绝大部分38例囊变性肺癌患者的的胸部CT征象,同时比较两者的病理表现。结果 ①CT征象:薄壁空洞性肺癌,CT表现为壁厚为2~4 mm,其内均无“气液平面”征象,内壁均欠光整,4例合并周围斑片索条影。囊变性肺癌患者CT表现主要为肺内囊性改变为主病灶,19例为完全囊变,边缘光滑锐利,囊内密度均匀,呈水样密度,其中2例合并“气液平面”,另19例为绝大部分囊变,表现为壁厚薄不均,部分呈索条状、结节状增厚。②病理改变:薄壁空洞性肺癌中,鳞癌4例,腺癌26例,光镜下多表现为大片坏死区内夹杂癌细胞团,或大量癌细胞合并小片状坏死区。囊变肺癌中,29为腺癌,9例为鳞癌,光镜下表现为大片坏死区或大量简直纤维化增生与纤维组织玻璃样变性,少数病理切片可见大量癌细胞合并小片坏死区。结论CT可鉴别囊变肺癌与薄壁空洞性肺癌,内壁不甚规则之薄壁空洞性病变,应警惕肺癌。
[关键词]肺癌;囊变;薄壁空洞;计算机体层CT成像
肺癌是常见的恶性肿瘤,其发展与病理类型及恶性程度有关,肿瘤恶性程度越高,肿瘤内产生坏死、液化形成空洞倾向越明显[1]。若肿瘤已开始坏死,尚无穿破支气管壁,则形成潜在癌性空洞,即出现囊变征象[2],若肿瘤穿破支气管壁引流出坏死物质,则形成癌性空洞[3]。薄壁空洞性肺癌与囊变较少见,两者鉴别困难,本研究收集68例薄壁空洞性肺癌及囊变肺癌影像表现及病理改变,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集我院2017年1月~2018年1月经病理证实为肺癌且CT表现为75%以上空洞的30例患者,其中男 19例,平均年龄(56.00±0.89)岁;女 11例,平均年龄(52.00±1.54岁);另收集经病理证实肺癌且CT表现为含液囊腔的38例患者,其中男24例,平均年龄(57.00±0.91)岁;女 14 例,平均年龄(55.00±2.76)岁。8例患者无明显临床症状,为查体时发现,25例有胸痛或胸闷症状,2例有明显咳嗽、咳痰以及发热病史,另3例患者有咯血症状。所有患者均知情同意;本研究已经医院医学伦理委员会审核批准。
1.2 扫描方法
检查前向患者及家属介绍检查目的、方法及注意事项,去除扫描范围内金属异物,并对患者进行碘过敏试验。采用东软飞利浦医疗设备有限责任公司PHILIPS MX16 EVO 16排螺旋CT成像系统。患者仰卧位,头先进,双臂上举,扫描范围自肺尖至肋膈角下水平,嘱患者深吸气,屏气后进行扫描。扫描参数如下:球管电压120 kV,电流370 mAs,层距5 mm,层厚5 mm。平扫后,高压注射器团注造影剂碘海醇80 ml,流速2 ml/s,延迟45 s,行肺部CT强化扫描。检查结束后,将图像以层厚0.625 mm和层间距0.625 mm进行标准重建,然后将数据传送至工作站行多平面重组(MPR),容积再现(VR),曲面重建(CR)等处理。
1.3 观察指标
观察病变位置、形态、大小、有无合并液平、有无囊腔,增强扫描有无强化等指标。由两位高年资医生独立诊断,有争议协商达成一致。
2 结果
2.1 CT征象
病变部位:右肺上叶14例,右肺中下叶10例,左肺上叶23例,左肺下叶19例。肿瘤最大8.9 cm×8.1 cm,最小4.8 cm×5.6 cm,病灶大多分布于肺野外带,呈圆形或类圆形,边缘光滑,无明确分叶征象。30例薄壁空洞性肺癌,CT表现为壁厚为2~4 mm,其内均无“气液平面“征象,内壁均欠光整,4例合并周围斑片索条影。38例囊变性肺癌患者CT表现主要为肺内囊性改变为主病灶,19例为完全囊变,边缘光滑锐利,囊内密度均匀,呈水样密度,其中2例合并“气液平面“,另19例为绝大部分囊变,表现为壁厚薄不均,部分呈索条状、结节状增厚,囊壁未见明显钙化(图1~2)。
2.2 病理改变
薄壁空洞性肺癌中,鳞癌4例,腺癌26例,光镜下多表现为大片坏死区内夹杂癌细胞团,或大量癌细胞合并小片状坏死区。囊变肺癌中,29为腺癌,9例为鳞癌,光镜下表现为大片坏死区或大量简直纤维化增生与纤维组织玻璃样变性,少数病理切片可见大量癌细胞合并小片坏死区(表1)。

 
图1 左肺下叶薄壁空洞性肺癌
CT表现为左肺下叶囊性空腔,壁不均匀增厚,邻近胸膜粘连增厚

 
图2 右肺上叶囊性肺癌
增强CT表现为右肺上叶含液囊腔,增强时囊壁轻度强化
表1 薄壁空洞性肺癌与完全囊变或大部分囊变肺癌的CT征象及病理对照(n)

 
“-”代表无相应征象
3 讨论
3.1 薄壁空洞性肺癌及囊变性肺癌形成机制
薄壁空洞性肺癌是癌组织坏死并经支气管排出后形成的,影像学将囊性且75%以上囊壁厚度<4 mm的肺癌定义为薄壁空洞性肺癌。若肿瘤没有穿透支气管壁就坏死,则形成囊变进而积液,即水样密度的空腔。多数理论认为包块坏死是因为肿瘤生长速度超过了肿瘤血管的新生[4-6],而另有文献认为,肿瘤新生毛细血管极其丰富,所以肿瘤坏死一般不是因为缺少血管,而是包块中央血管受压或者破坏。包块的坏死多发生在3 cm以上的包块,坏死区位于包块的中央,大小为数毫米到数厘米,坏死物经支气管排出后即形成空洞[7-10]。按组织学类型鳞癌发生空洞的机会要比其他类型的肺癌高得多[11],本研究中,薄壁空洞性肺癌患者,腺癌26例,鳞癌4例,囊变性肺癌患者腺癌29例,鳞癌9例,均与文献报道符合。当肿瘤侵犯或压迫支气管时,局部产生通气量减低,产生感染时,影像表现即为纤维索条状阴影及斑片影。病理切片中,除大片状或小片状坏死表明囊变形成原因以外,肺癌瘤体内大量间质纤维化并玻璃样变性是肺癌表现为囊性改变的另一成因。
3.2 影像诊断与鉴别诊断
肺结核空洞多发生于青少年,多发生于上叶尖后段及下叶背段,空洞内、外缘一般是光整,无壁结节,周围常见卫星病灶。临床上有低热、盗汗、全身乏力等全身中毒症状。结核性实验室检查阳性、抗结核治疗有效可与空洞型肺癌鉴别[12]
肺脓肿空洞壁较厚,内缘光整,一般可见液平面,外缘模糊;临床上起病较急,畏寒、高热、胸痛、咳脓臭痰;实验室检查白细胞明显升高,抗感染治疗症状明显好转,病灶动态变化较快,可与肺癌空洞鉴别[13]
肺囊肿的壁薄如纸,内外壁均匀光滑一致,鉴别诊断较为容易;肺隔离症多见于下叶后基底段,紧邻脊柱旁和膈肌,CT值近似水,边缘光滑,增强扫描可能显示出异常供血动脉,包块边缘强化[14-15]
肺癌不典型表现给诊断带来一定的困难,尤其是薄壁空洞性肺癌及囊变性肺癌。必须全面观察和分析与临床表现,了解肺癌的病理改变及生长方式,综合所见作出较为正确的诊断。
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Study of CT differential diagnosis for cystic lung cancer and thin-walled cavitary lung cancer
GAO FengPENG Rong-huaHUANG Yong-suiSHEN Xiao-bin TAN Chuan-yun
Department of Radiology,Guicheng Hospital of Nanhai District in Foshan City,Guangdong Province,Foshan 528000,China
[Abstract]Objective To analyze the CT findings and pathological basis of complete or most cystic lung cancer and cavitary lung cancer.Methods A retrospective analysis of chest CT findings in 30 patients with pathologically confirmed lung cancer from January 2017 to January 2018 and 38 patients with complete or most cystic lung cancer was performed.The pathological manifestations of the two types were comparatively analyzed.Results On CT images,in 30 thin-walled cavitary lung cancer,CT images showed wall thickness was 2-4 mm,no “air-liquid level sign”,unsmooth inner wall,and surrounding patch cords in 4 cases.The CT findings of 38 patients with cystic lung cancer were mainly cystic changes in the lung,19 cases were in complete cystic changes with smooth and sharp edges and unified inner density in water-like density,and two of them were combined with “air-liquid level”.For the rest 19 cases,most of them were in cystic changes presenting with uneven wall thickness,and some strip-like and nodular thickening.With regard to pathological changes,in the thin-walled cavitary lung cancer,4 cases were squamous cell carcinoma and 26 cases were adenocarcinoma.Under light microscopy,a large number of cancer cells in the necrotic area,or a large number of cancer cells combined with small necrotic areas.Among the cystic lung cancers,29 were adenocarcinomas and 9 were squamous cell carcinomas.Under light microscopy,there were large necrotic areas or a large number of fibrosis and fibrotic tissue degeneration,and a few pathological sections were presented with a large number of cancer cells combined with small necrotic areas.Conclusion CT can identify cystic lung cancer from thin-walled cavitary lung cancer,and the thin wall malignant lesions with irregular inner wall should be alert to lung cancer.
[Key words]Lung cancer;Cystic change;Thin-walled cavity;Computed tomography
[中图分类号]R734.2
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2019)1(c)-0087-03
收稿日期:2018-09-07
本文编辑:崔建中