关节彩色多普勒超声在基层医院关节炎鉴别诊断中的应用
何 媚1 陈 勇2 俞建钰2 林晨曦1 陈 晗2 林 星2
1.福建省福清市医院 福建卫生职业技术学院附属福清医院超声科,福建福清 350300;2.福建省福清市医院 福建卫生职业技术学院附属福清医院特诊科,福建福清 350300
[摘要]目的探讨关节超声在基层医院关节炎鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选择2013年1月~2014年12月在福建卫生职业技术学院附属福清医院就诊的关节炎患者285例,用彩色超声仪检查关节情况,每位患者检查关节数为1~3个。结果关节彩色多普勒超声有阳性发现者共199例,未发现明显异常者86例。检查阳性者包括关节面毛糙(75例)、关节腔积液(136例)、滑膜增厚(137例)、痛风石结晶(16例)、关节结节(19例)、关节面破坏(1例)、皮质连续性中断(1例)、跟腱炎(1例)等异常表现。确诊的关节炎病例共228例,其中诊断为类风湿关节炎31例,骨关节炎87例,痛风54例。86例检查阴性者均排除了炎症性关节炎。 结论彩色多普勒超声能够快速评估关节炎患者的关节情况,并对关节炎患者做出正确鉴别,可在基层医院推广应用。
[关键词]关节炎;超声检查;多普勒;鉴别诊断
关节炎是基层医院风湿科门诊最常见的病种,我国中年以上人群中关节炎的患病率约为31.4%[1]。关节炎的诊断和治疗存在困难,临床医师除了需要加强基本功外,还应掌握关节炎的诊断和鉴别技能,借助辅助检查来提高诊断的准确性,为患者的后续治疗提供参考[2]。特异性抗体及炎症标志物的检查有助于鉴别炎症性关节炎,但是关节炎患者特异性抗体的阳性率往往不高,且难以实现早期诊断,而关节及脊椎MRI检查能够了解关节局部软组织情况及骨髓水肿、脂肪变性等,具有很高的灵敏度和特异度,有助于关节炎的早期诊断[3_8],但是昂贵的费用制约了其在临床上的广泛应用。
关节超声检查具有无创、廉价、快速出结果等优势,具有很强的应用前景。关节镜检查有助关节炎的诊断,但它是有一种有创检查,且高端的超声机器和探头费用不菲,很多基层医院尚未开展。本研究尝试使用相对廉价的彩色多普勒超声机器和高频探头对我院诊治的285位关节炎患者进行超声检查,探讨关节超声在基层关节炎鉴别诊断中的应用价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2013年1月~2014年12月在福建卫生职业技术学院附属福清医院门诊或住院的关节炎患者或直接在便民门诊开单后到我院超声科检查关节超声的患者,不分性别、年龄、关节炎个数,共计285例,年龄7~87岁,平均(54.04±17.56)岁;男131例,女154例;病程2 d~10年,平均(13.6±1.7)个月。所有参与研究者均知情同意。
1.2 方法
使用我院现有的3种型号的彩色超声仪:A1oka_ α7,Phi1ips IE33,GE E8型,6~16 MHz宽频线阵探头对所有患者进行关节超声检查。超声室医师仅知道患者患有关节炎,根据彩超结果对患者的关节情况进行客观描述。关节超声检查按照Backhaus等[9]发表的《风湿科肌肉骨骼超声检查指南》(以下简称《指南》)的操作和判定标准执行,对肌腱滑膜炎、痛风石、滑膜增生、关节腔积液、关节结节、关节面破坏、皮质连续性中断等异常做出判断。由2位超声科医师对患者分别进行超声检查,检查关节数为1~3个,随后根据《指南》中关于主要关节及肌肉超声可能见到的病变及异常(表1)进行讨论,给出一个最终的意见。检查结果采用表格形式记录,并录入到电脑。研究设计者和分析者对表格记录内容和电脑录入内容分别进行核查,发现并纠正其中录入与记录不相符的部分,并分别对电脑录入资料和表格记录信息进行分析,最后2人将得出的结果汇总比对,尽可能保证所分析信息的准确无误。
表1 《指南》中对可能阳性发现的描述
使用描述性方法对各种关节炎的超声表现及其他超声表现情况对应的关节炎诊断进行描述。根据描述结果将滑膜炎分为4级。0级:没有滑膜炎表现;1级:轻度滑膜炎,只有单个的血管信号;2级:滑膜区连续的血管信号≤50%;3级:重度滑膜炎,滑膜区的血管信号>50%[10]
2 结果
2.1 关节彩色多普勒超声改变与疾病的分布
关节彩色多普勒超声有阳性发现者共199例,关节彩色多普勒超声检查未发现明显异常者共86例。最终确诊的关节炎病例共228例,其中诊断为类风湿关节炎31例,骨关节炎87例,痛风54例,强直性脊柱炎12例,软组织风湿性病变26例,筋膜炎、纤维肌痛症、糖尿病骨关节炎各5例,银屑病关节炎2例,跟骨骨折1例。关节超声的总体灵敏度较好(87.3%,199/228),但是在具体疾病的发现和检出方面稍差。54例痛风患者关节超声检查有16例发现痛风石结晶,87例骨关节炎患者有19例发现关节结节,1例类风湿关节炎患者发现关节面破坏,跟骨骨折1例,彩超发现骨皮质连续性中断,12例强直性脊柱炎有1例发现跟腱炎。31例类风湿关节炎患者关节超声检查均发现滑膜增厚表现,而非特异性的关节面毛糙、关节腔积液也占异常结果中的大部分(表2)。
表2 关节彩色多普勒超声改变与疾病的分布

2.2 关节超声阴性结果患者的随访
对关节彩色多普勒超声未发现关节炎的86例患者随访3个月,结果患者的关节炎症状均自行缓解,考虑为反应性关节炎。
3 讨论
影像学的发展为关节炎的早期准确诊断提供了极大的便利,其中关节超声因其经济、易推广等特性,受到医疗和研究领域的青睐[11]。美国风湿病学会(ACR)甚至专门为此制定了相应的指导意见[12]。目前关于关节超声应用的研究进展多有报道。
3.1 未分化关节炎
对于仅有关节痛的自身抗体阳性的患者,彩色多普勒超声检查有很好的预测价值[13_14]
3.2 类风湿关节炎
彩色多普勒超声检查已经在类风湿关节炎[15],甚至是早期类风湿关节炎[16]的诊断中广泛应用,并开始用于类风湿关节炎疾病活动度的评估[17_18],甚至是对肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂疗效的应答中[19],且已经有研究将关节超声用于类风湿关节炎病情缓解的判定,指导临床治疗方案的制定[20]。关节超声的结果对预后不佳的类风湿关节炎患者的关节放射学进展也有预测价值[21],甚至对于低疾病活动度的类风湿关节炎患者也能够预测手指关节的破坏[22]。而日本的学者在近期指出关节超声的半定量分析与类风湿关节炎患者前足关节畸形显著相关,有助于类风湿关节炎患者出现关节畸形后手术方式的选择[23]。我国学者的研究也发现关节超声表现与类风湿关节炎患者的疾病活动度指标DAS28等存在相关[24_25]
3.3 早期炎症性关节炎
关节超声也用于外周型脊柱关节炎的诊断[26]。关节超声能够可靠地评估脊柱关节炎患者附着点的受累情况[27]。葡萄牙的Nava1ho等[28]研究发现彩色多普勒超声检查对于评价早期炎症性关节炎有着很高的价值。
3.4 银屑病关节炎
早期银屑病关节炎患者的腕、手关节超声结果与皮损、临床表现、血清学特征及遗传学相关[29]。法国学者发现附着点超声有助预测银屑病关节炎的进展[30]。英国的学者也用特定的方法将关节超声用于预测银屑病关节炎的关节炎破坏[31]。全美抗风湿协会超声研究组也在积极探索将关节超声应用于银屑病关节炎临床工作中[32]。我国学者也在探索将关节超声应用于银屑病关节炎的诊治[33],并对银屑病外周小关节的超声表现进行研究[34]
3.5 晶体性关节炎
关节超声对晶体性关节炎的灵敏度稍差,不应只用于有症状的患者[35]。我国的曹君研等[36]也报道了痛风性关节炎的超声改变。
3.6 骨关节炎
此外,关节超声半定量能够反映骨关节炎患者的症状和体征严重程度[37]
3.7 替代或补充关节镜
一些研究尝试着将关节超声和关节镜检查结果进行对比,探索使用关节超声替代关节镜检查的可能。芬兰的Saarakka1a等[38]的研究显示,超声发现关节软骨退行性改变是关节镜下软骨退化的强预测因素,但是阴性结果不能排除退行性改变[38]
本研究虽然没有设立对照,但是关节超声检查能够准确发现类关节炎患者,检查结果阴性的患者最终都是非特异度的关节炎或反应性关节炎。对于阳性患者,关节超声大都有阳性的关节超声表现(87.3%)。如果能够早期筛查类关节炎患者,减少化验检查,减少不必要的医疗支出,为患者节约费用。结合近年的研究成果,关节超声将在各种关节炎的诊断、治疗和管理中占据越来越重要的地位,应用前景广阔。基层医院开展关节超声检查并逐渐提高诊断能力必将有效减少患者的支出,提高医师的关节炎诊断水平。
本研究随访时间仅3个月,尽管关节超声阴性的关节炎患者均出现了关节症状的自行缓解,但不能代表患者病程的全貌,笔者将在随后的研究中对他们继续随访。在进一步的研究数据出来前,对于发病时间短的关节炎患者如果关节超声检查阴性,仍应进行密切的随访,以免漏诊早期类风湿关节炎等炎症性关节炎。
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Application of joint ultrasound in the differential diagnosis arthritis in primary hospital
HE Mei1CHEN Yong2YU Jian-yu2LIN Chen-xi1CHEN Han2LIN Xing2
1.Department of U1trasonic,Fuqing City Hospita1 in Fujian Province,Fuqing Hospita1 Affi1iated to Fujian Hea1th Vocationa1 Schoo1,Fujian Province,Fuqing 350300,China;2.Department of Specia1 Denta1 Care C1inic,Fuqing City Hospita1 in Fujian Province,Fuqing Hospita1 Affi1iated to Fujian Hea1th Vocationa1 Schoo1,Fujian Province,Fuqing 350300,China
[Abstract]Objective To exp1ore the app1ication va1ue of joint u1trasound in the differentia1 diagnosis arthritis in primary hospita1.Methods 285 arthritis patients from January 2013 to December 2014 of Fuqing Hospita1 Affi1iated to Fujian Hea1th Vocationa1 Schoo1 were se1ected.The joint situation was tested by using co1or u1trasound equipment,1_3 joints of each patient were tested.Results Joint u1trasound with positive were 199 cases and 86 cases had no obvious abnorma1.The abnorma1 manifestation of examination positive patients inc1uded joint surface coarse (75 cases),arthroedema(136 cases),synovia1 thickening(137 cases),tophi crysta1(16 cases),articu1ar tuberc1e(19 cases),damageofarticu1arsurface(1 case),cortica1 continuity interrupted(1 case)and achi11es tendinitis(1 case).228 cases were diagnosed as arthritis.Among that,31 cases were rheumatoid arthritis,87 cases were osteoarthritis and 54 cases were gout.A11 of 86 examination negative patients exc1uded inf1ammatory arthritis.Conclusion Co1or Dopp1er u1trasonography can eva1uate the joint situation of arthritis patients rapid1y and make correct discrimination of arthritis patients,which has great popu1arize and use prospect in primary hospita1.
[Key words]Arthritis;U1trasound examination;Dopp1er;Differentia1 diagnosis
[中图分类号]R593.22
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2016)04(c)-0062-05
[基金项目]福建省福清市科技计划项目(201346)
(收稿日期:2016_02_26本文编辑:卫 轲)